Works Cited
Primary Sources
"Apple cofounder Steve Jobs with the Apple II computer in 1979." Bowling, Beatniks, and Bell-Bottoms: Pop Culture of 20th- and 21st-Century America, edited by Cynthia Johnson and Lawrence W. Baker, 2nd ed., vol. 4: 1960s-1970s, UXL, 2012. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/PC1303487338/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=9b08ecae. Accessed 10 Oct. 2019. This was a picture of Steven Jobs and Apple II in 1979 when the computer was introduced. This picture helped me to show Apple II and its contribution to personal computers.
Apple II desktop computer and monitor, 1977.. Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/102_529170/1/102_529170/cite. Accessed 8 Oct 2019. This is a picture of one of the earliest personal computers. Although it is very different from the personal computer we use today, it is a prototype of a personal computer and has many functions including a keyboard for typing, a screen for displaying content, and a lightweight. You can use it to work, teach and even play some simple games. This picture illustrated the appearance of the first generation of personal computers and I could use this picture on my website to show the difference between modern-day computers and the earliest personal computers.
Apple II micro computer, 1977.. Photograph. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016.quest.eb.com/search/102_551440/1/102_551440/cite. Accessed 20 Nov 2019. This picture depicts one of the first personal computers in human history. It has keyboards, screen, and processor, all the basic things that modern PC have. Our team could use this picture to compare with computers before to show how much was changed by technologies that break the barrier of effectiveness and simplicity.
Computer circuit board from 1960s. Photography. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/132_1306619/1/132_1306619/cite. Accessed 9 Oct 2019. This picture shows the structure of an early computer circuit board. The circuit board is one of the pre-inventions that enables a computer to be used as a carrier for transistors and chips to improve the performance of the computer while reducing its size which gradually transforms them into personal computers. This picture helped on my website that I could exhibit the picture and explain its function to facilitate the development of personal computers.
EDVAC, early electronic computer. Photography. Britannica ImageQuest, Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 May 2016. quest.eb.com/search/132_1305194/1/132_1305194/cite. Accessed 20 Oct 2019. This picture shows part of the EVDAC, the first computer that used the binary numbers and von Neumann architecture. This computer was huge expensive and time-consuming. Yet, it was more efficient compared to earlier computers. This logic system was also inherited by computers that were later developed, included personal computers. This image helped to indicate the function of the first computer with advanced logic system.
Kay, Alan, performer. A Powerful Idea about Ideas. Ted.com, 2008. TED, www.ted.com/talks/alan_kay_a_powerful_idea_about_ideas#t-9283. Accessed 8 Dec. 2019. This video is about Alan Kay, one of the greatest personal computer pioneers. It depicts how Alan Kay uses his unique logic and hardworking to achieve success. I could use this to illustrate some ideas about Alan Kay when he formulates personal computers.
Laughton, Paul. "Apple Computer the Early Days a Personal Perspective." Paul Langhton, 1996, www.laughton.com/Apple/Apple.html. Accessed 10 Oct. 2019. Paul Laughton, the former systems programmer for IBM. He wrote Apple Computer's first Basic Interpreter. Steve Jobs personally hand delivered the Apple II system to him for the new project. He is the one of the members of this huge ship of PC. This websites is written and created by himself, which have his own perspective on this huge event as a part of it.
Matthews, Ian. "Commodore PET – the Worlds First Personal Computer." Commodore Computers, Running Technologies, Feb. 2003, www.commodore.ca/commodore-products/commodore-pet-the-worlds-first-personal-computer/. Accessed 9 Oct. 2019. This website described how the Commodore company manufactured and sold one of the earliest computers: Commodore PET. Although it looks outdated now, it has the most advanced technologies at the time: a 9′′ integrated Blue and White monitor, 4K of memory, and a keyboard including a separate numeric pad. It also told about the functions that this kind of computer could support and its sales. This website could help us to create our own website that introduce audiences about the progression computers made after they broke the barrier became personal computers
"Personal Computer Use Grows." Communications News, Sept. 1984, pp. 112-113. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A569374/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=1a151d01. Accessed 5 Nov. 2019. In this document, it published the growth of personal computers and the tendency of using personal computers. The seeling of the personal computer would surpass the selling of the main frame. In the top 500 companies, there was only one company that didn't agree to let micro access to the frame. This helped me with my project because it provided data on personal computer selling a
Raskin, Jef Raskin. "Catalog to Macintosh Documents." Making the Macintosh, compiled by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang. Stanford Univeristy, web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/sites/mac/primary/docs/bom/index.html. Accessed 10 Oct. 2019. Excerpt originally published in The Macintosh Project: Selected Papers from Jef Raskin (Fst Macintosh Designer), Circa 1979ir, edited by Apple Inc., 13th ed., Apple, 1980. Jef Raskin was an American human–computer interface expert best known for conceiving and starting the Macintosh project at Apple in the late 1970s. This document is the copy of document that is stored in Apple Inc, which are details about the early design of Macintosh.
Sandberg-Diment, Erik. "PERSONAL COMPUTERS; THE FIRST STEP IS OFTEN THE HARDEST." New York Times, 18 Nov. 1986. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A176283953/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=9985b379. Accessed 10 Oct. 2019. This article was written by Erik Sandberg-Diment in 1986, who brought a personal computer and shared his experience with us. He introduced the functions of computers, and showed us how to use it. This article helped me to find the feedback of customers at that time.
"Targeting the Audience." Produced by Gartner Group. Evolution of a Computer, produced by Gartner Group, episode 4, Gartner Group, 1983. Stanford University, web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/sites/mac/primary/images/gartner/index.html. Accessed 10 Oct. 2019. The series of news features was produced by the Gartner Group, and released to television stations for broadcast after the 24 January 1984 launch of the Macintosh. The full tape consists of ten pieces: an introduction, a six-minute feature, stock footage of the Macintosh factory, and seven features. These resources were the primary sources for people's perspective on how Apple market their Macintosh.
Secondary Sources
"Alan Turing." World History: The Modern Era, ABC-CLIO, 2019, worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/306742. Accessed 20 Oct. 2019. This passage brief illustrates the life and contribution of Alan Turing, one of the pioneers and founders in the computer field. He created binary numbers, Boolean logic, and ciphers all establish the basic computer logical structure. This passage could be used to explain the development of computer science.
"Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event." USA Today, 28 Jan. 2004, p. 03B. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A133434127/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=5018dead. Accessed 4 Dec. 2019. This article is talking about the contribution of personal computers. This helped me to summarize how the personal computer breaks the social barriar.
Brown, William S. "The PC corner: some thoughts on my tenth anniversary with Macintosh." Business Economics, vol. 29, no. 2, 1994, p. 64+. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A15411201/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=8bb4e5f2. Accessed 10 Oct. 2019. This article is talking about personal computer influence for modern people. We have much faster computers now. And lots of additional software we can use now. This helped me to set a contract between the first personal computer and personal computer now, and helped me to make a conclution.
"CAD/CAM Revolutionizes Engineering and Manufacturing." DISCovering U.S. History, Gale, 1997. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2104241458/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=13cf4f20. Accessed 8 Dec. 2019. This article is about significant events in cybercrimes, the damage made by those crimes, and the laws about internet safety. This article helped me because this showed the damage caused by crimes and how those laws helped to make the internet safe.
"Computer." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 May. 2018. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/computer/117728#216092.toc. Accessed 21 Oct. 2019.
"Computer programming language." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 17 Jul. 2018. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/computer-programming-language/25054. Accessed 16 Oct. 2019. This article introduced the first algorithmic language, FORTRAN. Algorithmic is the foundation of the computer. Computers without algorithmic language just like birds without wings, it can not operate. This helped me to introduce the history of computer and how it operate.
"Google Inc.." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 16 Mar. 2018. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Google-Inc/471099. Accessed 21 Oct. 2019. Google is an American search engine company by Sergey Brin and Larry Page. More than 70 percent of online research related to Google. It began as an online search engine, but now it proved 50 internet services and products. Google has a huge influence around the world. It connects the information around the world. It helped me to introduce one of the greatest companies that increased the value of personal computers.
Hanson, Jarice. "World Wide Web." Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2019, issues.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1525647. Accessed 20 Oct. 2019. The World Wide Web made it possible for people to share their information through the world. This source is important because it helped me to introduce the effects of personal computers. Shared information helped people to access resources easier. However, it also had negative influences. The spread of illegal information.
"HTML." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 27 Aug. 2009. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/HTML/443518. Accessed 20 Oct. 2019. HTML is a language of the World Wide Web. It also a formatting system for displaying text, graphics, and audio retrieved. It helped me to introduce some information about the World Wide Web, which belong to one of the affects of personal computers.
"Internet." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 16 May. 2018. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Internet/1458. Accessed 21 Oct. 2019. The internet became visible during the 1990s. The internet, like a network, connects computers around the world. The first internet had special purposes, like an airline reservation system and a defense command-and-control system. They were designed and used during the 1950s and 1960s, but it was not available for the public. In the early 1980s, the progress of integrated circuit technology and an attendant rapid decline in the cost of the computer, the emerge of linking personal computers, and the restructuring of AT&T, the commercial internet expanded. The internet connects the world, people started to use the internet to know about the outside world. The distance "decreased." This one helped me to explain the influence of the combination of internet and personal computer.
"Internet Crime." Gale Encyclopedia of Everyday Law, edited by Jeffrey Wilson, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2006, pp. 1019-1026. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2588700201/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=67a92f03. Accessed 17 Dec. 2019. This article is about significant events in cybercrimes, the damage made by those crimes, and the laws about internet safety. This article helped me because this showed the damage caused by crimes and how those laws helped to make the internet safe.
"Internet Filters in Schools and Libraries." Gale Encyclopedia of Everyday Law, edited by Jeffrey Wilson, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2006, pp. 1027-1032. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2588700202/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=8612509f. Accessed 6 Nov. 2019. The internet had a massive influence on our daily life. However, not all of them were positive. The internet made it easier for people to search for inappropriate or illegal materials. The internet filter helped to solve this problem. Because the internet filter can not work precisely, people started to argue that should they have internet filters in school or the library. This helped my project because, with the development of personal computers, it became easy for people to access the internet. The problem was an effect caused by personal computers, not in a direct way.
Marshall, Jim. "Computer Revolution." World History: The Modern Era, ABC-CLIO, 2019, worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/309347. Accessed 8 Oct. 2019. This article illustrates how computers evolved from some basic concepts, binary and the slide rule, and some primeval prototype, abacus, and analytical engine. After more and more inventions were created, punched cards, Boolean logic, tabulating machines, electronic computers, transistors, peripheral devices, telecommunications and the internet, those inventions provided chances for computers to become smaller while contains more functions within them which help them transfer into personal computers. This article helped me to briefly understand the evolution of computers that I could use in my writing, also, I could found more information that has more detailed.
"Personal computer (PC)." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Sep. 2013. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/personal-computer/2247. Accessed 9 Oct. 2019. This article introduced the concept of the personal computer. This article provided that personal computers became small and inexpensive for individuals to use is the 1970s. MITS, a small firm, made the first personal computer. The personal computer industry truly began in 1977 with the introduction of three types of computer Apple II, the Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80, and the Commodore Business Machines Personal Electronic Transactor (PET). This resource helped me to provide background information and some details about early personal computers.
"'Physical Computing' Connects Computer Science With Hands-On Learning; New instructional strategy faces obstacles." Education Week, 23 Jan. 2019, p. 10. Gale In Context: High School, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A572416199/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=242dbc97. Accessed 7 Nov. 2019. This article talks about personal computers help to improve the quality of teaching, one of the main functions that personal computer provides, by offering various kinds of teaching methods including showing pictures, watching video and creating model. Students can even learn how to code in computers. I could cite quotes from this article to support our argument that the development of personal computers breaks the barrier of education.
"Semiconductor device." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Aug. 2019. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/semiconductor-device/106025. Accessed 7 Nov. 2019. The semiconductor was created in 1959 by Robert Noyce. The main component is silicon. And the article helped me with the project because semiconductors made personal computers possible.
"Timeline of Computer History." Computer History Musuem, www.computerhistory.org/timeline/. Accessed 9 Oct. 2019. Infographic. This website provide a timeline that summarized all the significant event or invention that change the whole computer industry that push the full growth of personal computer even further. This site really open our research towards other sources.
"Virtual community." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 13 Apr. 2018. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/virtual-community/470936. Accessed 8 Dec. 2019. The article is about different kinds of cybercrimes, like fraud, hack, and spread of illegal information and significant evens. It also shows how the government responded to cybercrimes. I used this for the damage and laws that caused by those crimes.
"The Vision of the National High-Performance Computing Technology Act of 1991." Information Technology and Libraries, vol. 11, no. 1, Mar. 1992, p. 56+. Gale In Context: High School, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A12112247/SUIC?u=wes2147&sid=SUIC&xid=98a896d0. Accessed 8 Dec. 2019. This article explains how computers can be used to develop human society. With vast storage, fast processing speed and helpful search function, computers can be used in many areas especially education. People can learn from the storage of computers to answer their questions. I could use this to enhance my argument that computers are influential in education.